金闲评
Tuesday, February 26, 2008
  US, Russia and UK were the biggest arms exporters to Sudan
Friday, 22 February 2008, BBC

China has defended its sale of weapons to Sudan, amid growing criticism of its alleged failure to help resolve the humanitarian crisis in Darfur.

China's special envoy on Darfur told the BBC that Beijing accounted for just 8% of Sudan's total arms imports.

Liu Guijin said the US, Russia and UK were the biggest arms exporters to developing countries including Sudan.

About 200,000 have died in the five years of conflict between rebels, the army and pro-Khartoum militias.

In an exclusive interview with the BBC's China analyst Shirong Chen, Mr Liu said Chinese weapons were not fuelling the conflict.

"Sudan is the third largest conventional arms producer in Africa next only to South Africa and Egypt.

"And there are seven countries selling arms to Sudan. So even if China stopped its sale, it still won't solve the problem of arms in Sudan," he said.

Territorial integrity

Mr Liu, who is currently in the UK, is expected to travel to Sudan as part of an apparent diplomatic push to counter international criticism over Darfur.

He told the BBC that he would advise Sudan to co-operate on the deployment of a UN-African Union force.

Mr Liu said that as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China had been asked to help find a long-term solution to the Darfur issue, but that it had done so with respect for Sudan's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

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Wednesday, February 20, 2008
  China’s role in Darfur does not excuse US crimes
by Charlie Kimber, Socialist Worker
23 February 2008

Film director Steven Spielberg has won wide praise for his decision to withdraw as artistic adviser to the 2008 Olympics in protest at China’s role in the Darfur conflict.

Lord Malloch-Brown, Labour’s minister for Africa, said Spielberg had forced China’s leaders to “sit up and take notice”. Gordon Brown is too busy doing trade deals with China to make such a statement, but he probably admires the sentiment.

There is no doubt that appalling suffering continues to take place in Darfur, and no doubt that China has given support to the Sudanese government at crucial moments.

But it is thoroughly simplistic to focus solely on the role of China. Both the US and China covet influence in Sudan as part of the new “scramble for Africa” which is taking place over natural resources, political influence and strategic territory.

Both imperial powers are far more interested in such factors than in the plight of Darfur’s people. Yet Spielberg does not even begin to question the US’s role in Africa.

He does not denounce the emergency in Somalia, where the US-backed Ethiopian invasion has led to hundreds of thousands of people being driven from their homes.

He does not talk of the death toll in the Democratic Republic of Congo where perhaps five million have perished as a result of a war fuelled by Western powers.

Nor does Spielberg seem to find any contradiction between his support for Hillary Clinton’s presidential bid, and her husband’s very direct intervention in Sudan.

In 1998 US president Bill Clinton launched 13 Cruise missiles against Sudan, destroying a factory on the spurious pretext that it was producing nerve gas.

The obliteration of the factory – which produced half of Sudan’s medicines and all of its chloroquine, a malaria medicine – led to many deaths.

Above all, Spielberg is at best mute over Iraq. In 2002, when questioned over the coming war, he said, “If Bush, as I believe, has reliable information on the fact that Saddam is making weapons of mass destruction, I cannot not support the policies of his government.” He later claimed, without much credibility, that this was not an endorsement of the Iraq war.

Spielberg is a talented film maker, but his actions assist those who want the suffering in Darfur to be used to bolster Western influence in Africa, and to obliterate the US’s crimes in Iraq.

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  英媒:斯皮尔伯格为什么不去批评美国?
2008年2月20日

环球时报雷志华译/英国“社会主义工人”网站2月19日文章,原题:中国在达尔富尔的角色并不是美国在这个地方所犯罪恶的借口;电影导演斯蒂文•斯皮尔伯格日前辞去了2008年北京奥运艺术顾问。不过,将达尔富尔问题仅归咎于中国也过于简单化了。

美国和中国都希望对苏丹有影响力,可是,斯皮尔伯格却没有对美国在非洲的角色提出任何质疑。他没有因索马里发生的事情而指责美国,在美国的支持下,埃塞俄比亚人的入侵导致了成千上万平民被迫逃离家园。他也没有提刚果民主共和国的死亡人数,约500万人因西方大国支持下的战争而死亡。

斯皮尔伯格似乎也发现,他对希拉里•克林顿的支持与对她丈夫比尔•克林顿的支持相互矛盾,当时的克林顿总统就非常赞成直接干预苏丹问题。1998年,美国总统克林顿就派遣了13艘导弹巡洋舰打击苏丹,摧毁了一座工厂,借口是那家工厂在生产神经毒气。

而事实上那家工厂生产苏丹一半的医药和全部的抗疟疾药物,而疟疾导致了苏丹许多人死亡,最为严重的是,斯皮尔伯格在伊拉克战争问题上也保持沉默。2002 年,在被问及即将到来的伊拉克战争时,他说:“我认为,如果布什有萨达姆正在制造大规模杀伤性武器的可靠证据,我就不得不支持布什政府的政策。”

后来,他也只是说,没有可信的证据,伊拉克战争是一场没有得到支持的战争。斯皮尔伯格是天才的电影制作人,但是他的行为被用来提高西方在非洲的影响力了,且掩盖了美国在伊拉克的罪恶。

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Thursday, February 14, 2008
  斯皮爾伯格辭奧運顧問難獲中國人諒解
撰文 方德豪
2008/02/14, 週四

過去4年間,達爾富爾衝突已造成20萬人死亡,200萬人流離失所。人權份子的關注,並非完全沒有道理。但也要承認的一個事實是,中國在達爾富爾問題上,並不是完全沒有作為。不過,國際社會勾心鬥角、各自為政的做法,使得非洲多國的人權紀錄一直沒有改善。國際社會在達爾富爾問題上,有沒有高估或誇大了中國的影響力?要解決問題,光是抵制北京奧運是否最有效辦法,實在是有待商榷。

美國著名導演斯皮爾伯格(Steven Spielberg,港譯:史提芬史匹堡,台作史蒂芬史匹柏)12日辭去北京奧運會藝術顧問職務,理由是他認為中國沒有盡力結束蘇丹達爾富爾(台灣作達佛)的暴力事件。聯合國的資料顯示,過去4年間,達爾富爾衝突已造成20萬死亡,200萬人流離失所。

同一天,也有好萊塢影星、諾貝爾獎得主、奧運運動員等25位名人,向中國國家主席胡錦濤聯署公開信,表示中國作為安理會常任理事國及蘇丹的重要伙伴,有機會及有責任為當地帶來和平。影星米婭•法羅(Mia Farrow,港譯美亞花露)率眾聚集於紐約的中國駐聯合國辦事處外遞交抗議信。

中國駐美大使館13日首度回應事件,反指這些知名人士把達爾富爾問題與北京奧運串連起來,“不合理、不負責,也不公平”。中國強調,達爾富爾問題既不是中國的內政,也不是中國所引起。

應該指出,人權份子的關注,並非完全沒有道理。中國是位於非洲東北部的蘇丹的最大投資國,也是蘇丹最大軍火提供方。蘇丹生產的石油60%銷往中國。但也要承認的一個事實是,中國在達爾富爾問題上,並不是完全沒有作為。去年5月,中國宣佈任命熟悉非洲事務的資深外交官劉貴今爲非洲事務特別代表,重點處理爾富爾問題,並派遣275人的工兵隊,協助落實讓聯合國維和部隊進駐的計劃。在最近幾個月內,中國兩次派遣特使訪問蘇丹,勸說蘇丹方面認識到接受由非盟和聯合國部隊合作的“混合維和行動”。

最近一期的中國《世界知識》指出,2007年10月27日,蘇丹政府和反政府派別在利比亞蘇爾特恢復和談。2007年11月下旬,一支由135名中國軍人組成的維和先遣分隊抵達達爾富爾地區。今年1月19日,中國《環球時報》曾引述劉貴今表示,“蘇丹政府應該是聽取了中國的勸告。”

當然,人權份子對中國在達爾富爾問題上的作為是否“盡力”,自有另一番看法。剛在2月3日,在蘇丹鄰國乍得,政府軍和叛軍在首都恩賈梅納展開爭奪戰,連帶歐盟等西方國家在蘇丹達爾富爾地區的國際人道主義救援工作也遭影響和延誤;乍得政府指責,蘇丹支援乍得叛軍攻擊達爾富爾邊區的阿德雷鎮東部。

一個中國政府沒有,也不會宣之於口的問題是,國際社會在達爾富爾問題上,有沒有高估或誇大了中國的影響力?目前達爾富爾的信息不算太清晰,但蘇丹政權始終抗拒西方介入,他們擔心西方別有用心,藉派駐維和部隊最終將達爾富爾分裂出去,就像目前東歐塞爾維亞的科索沃。一個十分大的可能是,達爾富爾當局在玩兩手,一方面虛應故事,一方面暗渡陳倉。

要解決問題,光是抵制北京奧運是否最有效辦法,實在是有待商榷。除了中國之外,另一對蘇丹也具影響力的組織非盟也十分值得關注。批評者指非盟像一個獨裁者俱樂部,但西方卻一樣因為商業利益而不斷縱容之。在去年年底的歐非峰會,在非洲國家的堅持下,人權紀錄極差的津巴布韋總統穆加貝竟獲得包括東道主葡萄牙邀請參加。正是國際社會這種避重就輕、見利忘義的做法,使得非洲多國的人權紀錄一直沒有改善。

若然斯皮爾伯格以及一眾關注人權及人道問題的運動家是言行一致的話,他們在抵制北京奧運的同時,也應該抵制美國舉辦奧運。美國支持獨裁或殘酷政權踐踏人權的例子,絕對也是磬竹難書:1965年,在美國支持下,蘇哈托發動政變上臺,印尼出現大規模清洗和報復活動,數十萬人被殺;1975年印尼政府軍出兵東帝汶,至少20萬東帝汶人被殺;1998年5月的印尼排華暴亂中,近1200人死亡,數百名華人婦女受到野蠻殘害。在亞洲,美國曾支持的獨裁者,還有菲律賓的馬科斯和南韓的朴正熙。

另在拉美,美國支持的奧古斯托•皮諾切特於其1973年至1990年掌權期間,殘酷打擊異己,軍政府對左翼政治活動的鎮壓導致至少約3,000人被殺或失蹤,超過27,000人遭監禁或拷打,其中許多人被迫流亡國外。在美國於1984年舉辦洛杉磯奧運或1996年舉辦亞特蘭大奧運時,斯皮爾伯格可有哼過半句關於美國支持暴政踐踏人權的問題?

斯皮爾伯格12日發表聲明稱:“我發現,我的良知不允許我繼續正常履行這一職責”。若他是一向堅持人權公義,倒沒有甚麼問題,若他只在中國舉辦奧運時才忽然想到良知,似乎也難以得到中國人諒解。

再把問題放在一個較大的框架內,冷戰雖於上世紀九十年代結束,但冷戰思維,一直也沒有消失。斯皮爾伯格這次明顯在西方輿論的壓力下辭去奧運顧問風波,正好反映出中西民間的價值鴻溝仍然十分巨大。達爾富爾發生的暴行絕對不能坐視容忍,中國在達爾富爾問題上無疑也有道義責任,但國際社會其實在抵制北京奧運以外,也許也應想想其他方法去幫助水深火熱的達爾富爾人民。

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