金闲评
Friday, December 01, 2006
  中国为何没有“穷人的银行家”?
作者: 统筒 发表日期: 2006-11-22

  每年一到“诺贝尔季节”,中国报刊上总会有几篇(有时不止几篇)酸溜溜的文章问为什么中国不能出某某奖项的得主。今年的和平奖奖给了被誉为“穷人银行家”(banker of the poor,也有说banker to the poor的)的孟加拉国银行家穆罕默德·尤努斯(Muhammad Yunus,本人也是教授和海归——美国名校的经济学博士)及其他创建的格拉明银行(Grameen Bank, Grameen本意就是乡村),之后也有媒体文章问中国的“穷人银行家”在什么地方?

  表面上看,这样的问题像往年的问题一样幼稚可笑。别人获奖自有获奖的理由(有时是纯粹政治的缘由),你平日不在那些方面努力,或本来就志不在此,又有什么难以理解的?

  不过今年和平奖的确有一个深刻教训:其实,上千年来,农民面临的一大困难就是所谓“青黄不接”,也就是每年春夏,当丰收还早,但头年收成和积蓄却已耗尽的时期。在这个关口,有个百八十元(Yunus最初向农户提供的小额信贷计划每户信用额只有27美元,相当于现在人民币216元),就能坚持下去,到年底喜获丰收;而没有这百八十元,甚至就要倾家荡产,卖儿卖女。

  在中国历史上,为什么有“封建”家族制,为什么有乡村社区,为什么有男耕女织,为什么有高利贷,都跟这青黄不接有直接关系。当一家困难,又没有什么农副产品好到集市上出售的,就向亲戚或邻里借些钱解决眼前问题。借钱就是信贷。这样的情况,北宋王安石(1021-1086)当地方官的时候就已经了解,于是提出了由国家统一向农户提供信贷的宏大改革方案。

  如此这般,王向董事长(皇帝)报告:帝国能一方面帮助千家万户缓解经济困难,一方面还能有源源不断的利息收入以弥补财政亏空和加强国防,何乐不为?这个办法,其实是要把大宋帝国办成一个现代意义上的垄断的农业发展银行。开垄断银行还有什么可发愁的?在工商行办事难道还没烦够吗?

  假如900年前的王安石变法成功了,今年的诺贝尔和平奖的确也就不会有孟加拉国“穷人银行家”的份了。

  可是,王安石不懂政治学,官僚机器只能管为数有限的几件大事;它自身逻辑上是不能为千家万户提供有差别、讲细节、带前瞻性的专业化服务的,就像工商行不论怎么改,总是改不掉惹人烦的特点。即使最富足的现代国家,在向公民提供千家万户、千差万别的福利保障和社会服务时,效果都不理想,其中缘由不难理解。以一个大而笨重的国家机器面对数以亿计的个人,往往跟不上现实情况的变化,为顾客提供体贴性(困难一出,帮助就到)的服务,反而会养成多一事不如少一事的不负责任的作风,甚至滋生大量的贪污腐败。在眼下的中国,即使工业历史最长,管理据说最严密的上海都不能幸免于难,更别说其他地方了。


  所以说:

  ——世界上只能出“穷人的银行家”而永远也出不了“穷人的财政部长”。

  ——假如一个国家想用“穷人的财政部长”代替“穷人银行家”,那么这个国家既不会有“穷人的银行家”,也不会有“穷人的财政部长”。

  ——假如某某人因为自己饱读圣贤书(或马列书),道德高尚,志向远大,就梦想当一个“穷人的财政部长”,到头来也会被他周围那帮满肚子坏水的同事给置于失败的惨境,就像当年的王安石一样。

  同样道理,凡是为一个社会提供千家万户、千差万别式的服务,一定不能靠政府,也一定不能相信政府,而一定要给社会放开一个属于自己的“中层”,在政府的指导和监督之下(这点是重要的,但一定不能由政府机构和官员直接插手钱的事),让不同的社会组织在相互竞争中发展它们的服务计划。

  历史学家屡屡哀叹中国缺少中层或中层脆弱,原因就在于以一个中央政府直接面对亿万人民的大一统的古代帝国制。这样的情况,到近代未能根本改善。中国改革必须为社会打造一个坚强而有活力的中层,才能最终完成国家现代化的使命。在中国未能诞生世界上第一位“穷人银行家”没关系,关键是要在中国大地上像百花齐放一样到处走动着为社区发展、乡村合作、民间创业和中小企业提供服务的“穷人银行家”的身影。

  这样的局面,倘若能在中国出现,中国人还有什么要害怕的?

  附录:www.who2.com/muhammadyunus.html 上关于尤努斯的英文简介:

Muhammad Yunus earned the nickname "banker to the poor" by giving tiny cash loans -- often the equivalent of a few dollars -- to the poorest of the poor in Bangladesh. That simple idea grew into an international movement so vibrant that Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Peace. Yunus earned a Ph.D. in economics at Vanderbilt University in 1969. He taught at Middle Tennessee State University before returning to Bangladesh in 1972 to teach economics at Chittagong University. According to a now-famous story, his first loan was given to a group of very poor women from the village of Jobra in 1974; the amount was the equivalent of $27. Two years later, in 1976, Yunus founded the Grameen Bank to make such loans on a wider scale, mostly to people with no collateral who would not be served by typical banks. The notion became known as microcredit, and as it spread to other countries it gave thousands of people the opportunity to pull themselves out of abject poverty. Yunus and Grameen were jointly given the Nobel Prize in 2006. By that time the bank had helped more than six million borrowers, the vast majority of them women. In awarding the prize, the Nobel Committee stated: "Lasting peace can not be achieved unless large population groups find ways in which to break out of poverty. Microcredit is one such means."

Extra credit: Yunus announced that he would donate his share of the $1.4 million in Nobel prize money to a variety of charities... Grameen means "village" -- hence, the village bank... Yunus attended Vanderbilt on a Fulbright scholarship... Yunus's home town of Chittagong was part of India until the Partition of 1947, when the area became East Pakistan. After a 1971 war of independence with Pakistan, the country became known as Bangladesh.
 
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